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- SAKHAROV, Page 55Who Murdered Lake Baikal?By Andrei Sakharov
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- [From Memoirs. (c) 1990 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Translated by
- Richard Lourie]
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- The planet's oldest, deepest and largest lake, Baikal is
- about the size of Belgium and accounts for a fifth of the
- world's freshwater reserves. The threat to this unique
- ecosystem, home to more than 1,000 species of plants and
- animals unknown anywhere else, stimulated a vociferous Soviet
- environmental movement. Baikal, says Siberian activist Valentin
- Rasputin, contains "such pulchritude as to be unimaginable this
- side of paradise."
-
- It is a precious resource, an area of surpassing natural
- beauty, a source of national pride and, to some extent, the
- very symbol of our nation. For several years, newspapers had
- been publishing alarming reports on threats to Baikal from
- industrial construction along its shores, the felling and
- rafting of timber and pulp mills' discharge of chemical wastes.
-
- Early in 1967 a student at the Moscow Institute of Energy
- invited me to attend meetings of the Komsomol [Communist Party
- youth wing] Committee to Save Baikal. I learned that in the
- late 1950s, Orlov, the minister in charge of the paper
- industry, had ordered construction of a large cellulose complex
- on the lake's shores to produce a particularly durable viscose
- rayon cord for airplane tires. It was assumed that the pure
- Baikal water would facilitate polymerization [a chemical
- process in which many small molecules combine to build much
- larger molecules called polymers] and the resulting fibers
- would be stronger.
-
- The plant's output showed that this hypothesis was
- unfounded. More important, the aviation industry switched from
- rayon cord to metallic cord. Whatever rationale the Baikal
- complex may once have had -- and it never offset the potential
- harm to the lake -- vanished. Construction nevertheless went
- ahead, with whole armies of officials defending their decision
- and saving face by insisting on the complex's importance for
- the defense of the country, the usual clinching argument.
-
- The story goes that Orlov had chosen the site by simply
- pointing to a place on the shoreline while cruising in a
- motorboat with cronies. Building was already under way when
- someone discovered that this was the precise spot where the
- famous Verninsky earthquake had caused the lake to swallow up
- 35 acres of shoreline in the 19th century; it was a seismically
- active region. But instead of canceling the project, the
- authorities transferred responsibility to the Ministry of
- Medium Machine Building. One scientist taunted me: "Do you know
- who's in charge of the murder of Baikal? Your own Slavsky!"
- New plans were drawn up for earthquake-resistant
- aluminum-and-glass buildings supported by steel piles. But the
- buildings are still vulnerable to the major earthquakes that
- have occurred there once or twice a century.
-
- The big problem now was treatment of toxic waste. The
- pollution caused by floating logs down the rivers that empty
- into the lake kills the spawn of most fish, including the
- Baikal omul, which a century ago rivaled beef as a source of
- food for all Russia. The accidental discharge of effluents,
- deforestation and fire also threatened the fragile ecological
- balance of the region. We proposed that the lakeshores be
- closed to new industry and existing enterprises be moved.
-
- At a meeting of the Council of Ministers, Prime Minister
- Alexei Kosygin, who was handling the Baikal project, asked
- Mstislav Keldysh, president of the Academy of Sciences, "What
- does the academy recommend? If the safeguards aren't reliable,
- we'll stop construction." Keldysh quoted a report that the
- water-purification system and other safeguards were completely
- reliable. He may have been acting in good faith. Still, my
- feeling is that his stand was greatly influenced by the
- academy's dependence on the bureaucratic machine, and that he
- was predisposed to respect the wishes of this machine and to
- ignore the warnings of whistle blowers.
-
- Only a couple of years after these events, a Komsomol
- expedition brought back photographs showing the massive
- destruction of Baikal's fish and plankton caused by toxic
- wastes. No accidental discharges had been logged. As always,
- everything was fine on paper.
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